| Celestion
was born during 1924 in the picturesque Thameside village
of Hampton Wick, where Cyril French set up a small business
to manufacture loudspeakers. French had been approached
by Eric Mackintosh for help with improving his invention,
one of the earliest cone loudspeakers. French and two
of his brothers, Leonard and Edgar, had taken over the
Thames Valley Plating Works at 29 High Street, Hampton
Wick, and created the Electrical Manufacturing and Plating
Company, listed as electrical instrument manufacturers.
Amidst
great excitement, French and Mackintosh finally perfected
the loudspeaker design and, now joined by Cyrils
other brother Ralph French, began manufacturing upstairs
while Leonard & Edgar French continued below with
the plating business. The original Mackintosh design
employed a free-vibrating edge and was filed for patent
on December 15th 1923 and issued as British Patent No.
230,552 on March 16th 1925. The modified French/Mackintosh
design used a clamped edge and was filed October 24th
1925 and issued on January 14th 1926 as British Patent
No. 245,704. These numbers can be found on all early
Celestion loud speakers.
The
conical paper diaphragm was strengthened with strips
of bamboo imported from China. The driving mechanism
at this time was a moving-iron balanced-armature type.
This
was the time of the infancy of wireless, which was viewed
by the majority of the population as the modern wonder.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) had been
formed in August 1922, registered on 15th December of
that year, but actually began radio broadcasting on
14th November, 1922 on 369 meters with the call sign
2LO. After the success of the London station two further
stations were opened at Birmingham on 5IT and Manchester
on 2ZY.
Receivers
were of two types; the valve set, which was regarded
by the populace as awesome, and the more
simple crystal receiver - the initiation of many to
the marvels of wireless. Easy to tune, low-cost and
a good variety of manufacturers made this the more popular
receiver, many thousands of which were produced by home
constructors. Earphones, comprising two coils wound
on a horseshoe magnet vibrating a metal plate, were
essential in order to convert the weak signals into
sound - a far different state of affairs from the present
day.
It
was into this world that the new Celestion speakers
made their way, becoming a necessary component of the
new valve receivers that appeared as a result of the
BBC stepping up transmitter power, and also providing
alternative programmes. Powerful wireless transmitting
stations also appeared in Europe, and it became possible
to pick up their programmes via the new more selective
wireless receivers. The era of earphones passed, to
be replaced by the free standing horn reminiscent of
the ornate specimens beloved by the gramophone enthusiasts.
These
cumbersome sound appliances gradually gave way to the
separate loudspeaker cabinet, always regarded as a piece
of furniture and often highly decorative as it took
pride of place in the lounge, or front room.
The
Celestion loud speaker was launched early
in 1925 by The Electrical Manufacturing and Plating
Company at a retail price of six pounds ten shillings,
with a choice of oak, walnut or mahogany cabinet. It
was sold as The Loud Speaker of Distinction
and was favourably reviewed in Popular Wireless and
Wireless Review, April 25th 1925 as "a high-class
instrument capable of high-class performances".
It was Ralph French who devised the ingenious name Celestion
with heavenly connotations. He was also responsible
for the cabinet designs and advertising. However, Cyril
French was the driving force behind the business, which
at this time was highly successful and lucrative. An
associated company, Constable-Celestion, was formed
in Paris, and export by air took place from Croydon
airport.
The
first Celestion product was followed shortly afterwards
by a complete range comprising models A1, A2, A3, A4
& A5.
In
1927 the Celestion Radio Company and Celestion Limited
were formed. Models C10, C12, C14 and C24 were produced
with a price range of £5 10s to £25. The model C10 was
claimed to be the finest loud-speaker procurable
at the price. Popular Wireless of 31st March 1928
described the C12 as "a long way ahead of its class".
At this time, and for many years to follow, Celestion
advertising carried the phrase The Very Soul
of Music.
With
such a burgeoning trade, a move to large-scale manufacturing
premises was inevitable. In 1929 Celestion Ltd. moved
to a site opposite Norbiton Church at 145 London Road,
Kingston-upon-Thames, shown as the Gramophone
Works on this 1932 Ordnance map:
a |